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hemoglobin electrophoresis
4 articles in this field-note collection.
Hemoglobin A percentage: normal range and what low means
Hemoglobin A is the main adult hemoglobin, usually 95–98% of the total. How the test works, and what a lower share means, from carrier traits to transfusion.
Hemoglobin A2 (HbA2): normal range and beta-thal trait
HbA2 is a minor adult hemoglobin. Here's the normal range, why above 3.5% points to beta-thalassemia trait, and what else can push it up or down.
Fetal hemoglobin (HbF): normal levels and what high means
Hemoglobin F is the hemoglobin you made before birth. Normal levels by age, why it runs high in HPFH and thalassemia, and why more helps in sickle cell.
Hemoglobin S percentage: trait, disease and targets
Hemoglobin S (HbS) percentage is the share of your hemoglobin that is the sickle form. What 0%, under 40% and over 50% mean, and the 30% target.